The work revealed three basic groups: the preternaturally fearless, who displayed scant signs of the racing heart, sweaty palms, spike in blood pressure and other fight-or-flight responses associated with ordinary fear, and who jumped without hesitation; the handwringers, whose powerful fear response at the critical moment kept them from jumping; and finally, the ones who reacted physiologically like the handwringers but who acted like the fearless leapers, and, down the hatch.
这项工作发现了三个基本组别:超乎寻常的大无畏者,很少表现出心跳加速、血压升高、手心出汗及其他的与平常恐惧有关的战或逃反应,在跳伞的时候总是毫不犹豫;踌躇紧张者,在关键时刻其强大的恐惧反应令其不敢跳下;以及最后一组,在生理反应上与踌躇紧张者一致,但却像无畏的跳伞者一样行动、最终跳下舱口的人。
These last Dr. Rachman deemed courageous, defining courage as "behavioral approach in spite of the experience of fear." By that expansive definition, courage becomes democratized and demilitarized, the property of any wallflower who manages to give the convention speech, or the math phobe who decides to take calculus.
其中最后一组被拉赫曼博士视为勇敢,即"弃恐惧体验于不顾的行为方式"。按照这种扩展性定义,勇气变得民主化和非军事化,它是任何一位设法进行提名演讲的局外人的专属,或者是一位对数学恐惧的人决定去学微积分。
Through interviews with some 320 children aged 8 to 13, Peter Muris of Erasmus University Rotterdam and his colleagues found that children also equate courage with the conquering of one's fears, and more than 70 percent of the respondents claimed they had performed one or more brave acts, including rescuing a little brother who'd fallen in the swimming pool, saving a cat from a tree, biking home through the woods at night, and stealing money from one's mother's purse — yes, that will make the heart race, all right.
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